Cuba implementa el Plan global de acción para la demencia aprobado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud 2017 / Cuba implements the Global Plan of Action for dementia approved by the World Health Organization, 2017

RESUMEN Introducción: La OMS en su 70a Asamblea Mundial de la Salud realizada el 29 de mayo del 2017 en Ginebra, Suiza, aprobó el Plan de Acción Mundial para enfrentar las demencias. La demencia afecta a 50 millones de personas en el mundo, si no se logra una intervención eficaz esta cifra casi se triplicará para el año 2050. Esta enfermedad puede llegar a ser la más cara que enfrentarán los servicios de salud y una de las de mayor impacto en la familia y la sociedad a escala mundial. Objetivo: mostrar las acciones realizadas en Cuba en la implementación de las metas mundiales propuestas en el Plan de acción global sobre la respuesta de salud pública a la demencia 2017-2025 aprobado por la OMS. Material y métodos: Se revisó el Plan de acción global para la atención a la demencia aprobado por la OMS en el año 2017 y se verificó el cumplimiento de las siete metas mundiales en Cuba. Las fuentes de información fueron el Anuario Estadístico de Salud 2017 y los informes de trabajo del Departamento de adulto mayor, Asistencia Social y Salud Mental de 2017. Desarrollo: Cuba elaboró la Estrategia nacional para la enfermedad de Alzheimer y los síndromes demenciales en el año 2014 y la actualizó en el año 2017 con los siguientes conceptos atendiendo al Plan de acción global sobre la respuesta de salud pública a la demencia 2017-2025: 1) igualdad de género, 2) perfeccionar los sistemas de información en relación con la demencia, 3) actualizar sus indicadores acordes con el plan de la OMS 4) crear ambientes y ciudades amigables para las personas con síndrome demencial. Existe al menos un centro especializado en cada provincia para el diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad, a partir del nivel de Atención Primaria de Salud. Conclusiones: Cuba ha dado los primeros pasos en la implementación del Plan de acción global sobre la respuesta de salud pública a la demencia 2017-2025, continuar avanzando dependerá del empeño, la motivación y el compromiso del personal de la salud y todos los sectores sociales.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) approved the Plan of Action to tackle dementia in its 70th World Meeting held on May 29th, 2017 in Geneva, Switzerland. Dementia affects 50 million people in the world, and if there is not an effective intervention, this figure will nearly triple by the year 2050. This disease can become the most expensive one that the health services will face and one of those of greatest impact in the family and society worldwide. Objective: To present the actions carried out in Cuba for the implementation of the world goals suggested in the global plan of action for dementia approved by the WHO. Material and methods: The global plan of action for the attention to dementia approved by the World Health Organization in 2017 was reviewed, and the fulfillment of the implementation of the seven world goals in our country was verified. The sources of information reviewed were the Annual Health Statistics Report 2017, the work reports presented by the Elderly Department, Social Care Services, and Mental Health, 2017. Development: Cuba developed the National Strategy for Alzheimer disease and dementia syndromes in 2014 taking into account the Global Plan of Action as a response of public health to dementia 2017-2025. This Cuban strategy was brought up to date in 2017 with the following concepts: 1) gender equality, 2) improvement of the information systems regarding the disease, 3) update of the indicators according to the plan approved by the WHO 4) creation of friendly environments for people with dementia. There is at least a specialized center in each province for the early diagnosis of the disease from the Primary Health Care. Conclusions: Cuba has taken the first steps in the implementation of the global plan of action for the response of public health to dementia from 2017 to 2025, and the advance on this respect will depend on the commitment of the health care personnel and all social sectors.

Enfoques, evolución y afrontamiento del envejecimiento demográfico en Cuba

[RESUMEN]. El envejecimiento demográfico en Cuba ha provocado cambios considerables en la mortalidad y la morbilidad; su tendencia creciente y alta velocidad comprometen la atención de la persona mayor, de ahí que sea un desafío para la salud pública. Este artículo, que abarca el período 1950-2015, tiene como finalidad exponer la situación de este fenómeno poblacional desde una visión positiva, según tres aspectos: el envejecimiento como logro, desafío y oportunidad de desarrollo; las transiciones demográfica y epidemiológica; y las políticas y estrategias para afrontarlo. La tasa general de fecundidad ha descendido desde 4,01 hasta 1,45, y la esperanza de vida al nacer y la esperanza de vida a la tercera edad se han incrementado desde 59,40 hasta 78,45 años y desde 16,04 hasta 22,58, respectivamente. La proporción de personas de 60 años o más en Cuba asciende a 19,8%. El cuadro de morbilidad y mortalidad ha cambiado de las enfermedades infectocontagiosas a las no transmisibles. El envejecimiento en Cuba se ha producido por la reducción sostenida de la fecundidad, la mortalidad y un saldo migratorio negativo. Se discute el reto que significa la dependencia de la persona mayor y la necesidad de cuidados que requiere. Además del logro y la oportunidad de desarrollo que representa este indicador demográfico, el envejecimiento poblacional constituye un desafío para el desarrollo y la salud pública, para el que se han establecido políticas y estrategias integrales e intersectoriales encaminadas a mitigar sus efectos negativos.

[ABSTRACT]. The demographic aging in Cuba has caused considerable changes in mortality and morbidity; its growing trend and high speed affect the attention of the elderly, posing a challenge to public health. This article focuses on years 1950-2015, and aims to present the situation of this population phenomenon from a positive view, according to three aspects: aging as an achievement, challenge and development opportunity; demographic and epidemiological transitions; and policies and strategies to address aging. The general fertility rate has decreased from 4.01 to 1.45, and the life expectancy at birth and the life expectancy at third age have increased from 59.40 to 78.45 years and from 16.04 to 22.58, respectively. The proportion of people aged 60 and over in Cuba amounts to 19.8%. Causes of morbidity and mortality have changed from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases. In Cuba, aging is the result of a sustained reduction in fertility and mortality, and a negative migratory balance. The challenge of the dependency of the elderly person and the need for care is discussed. Although this demographic indicator represents an achievement and a development opportunity, population aging poses a challenge for development and public health, for which comprehensive and cross-sectional policies and strategies aimed at mitigating its negative effects have been established.

[RESUMO]. O envelhecimento demográfico em Cuba causou mudanças consideráveis na mortalidade e morbidade; sua crescente tendência e alta velocidade comprometem a atenção dos idosos, portanto, é um desafio para a saúde pública. Este artigo, que abrange o período 1950-2015, visa expor a situação deste fenômeno da população de uma visão positiva, de acordo com três aspectos: o envelhecimento como realização, desafio e oportunidade de desenvolvimento; transições demográficas e epidemiológicas; e as políticas e estratégias para enfrentá-lo. A taxa geral de fertilidade diminuiu de 4,01 para 1,45, e a expectativa de vida no nascimento e a expectativa de vida na terceira idade aumentaram de 59,40 para 78,45 anos e de 16,04 a 22,58, respectivamente. A proporção de pessoas com 60 e mais anos em Cuba é de 19,8%. O quadro de morbidade e mortalidade mudou de doenças infecciosas para doenças não transmissíveis. O envelhecimento em Cuba foi produzido pela redução sustentada da fertilidade e da mortalidade, e um saldo migratório negativo. O desafio da dependência da pessoa idosa e a necessidade de cuidados que eles requerem são discutidos. Além da conquista e da oportunidade de desenvolvimento representada por esse indicador demográfico, o envelhecimento da população constitui um desafio para o desenvolvimento e a saúde pública, para o qual foram estabelecidas políticas e estratégias abrangentes e intersetoriais destinadas a mitigar seus efeitos negativos.

Cuba's Strategy for Alzheimer Disease and Dementia Syndromes.

Dementia is a great challenge to public health in Cuba due to its impact on society and families. Cuba's National Intervention Strategy for Alzheimer Disease and Dementia Syndromes is designed to address this challenge. The Strategy includes working guidelines for primary and secondary care, education about rights of people with cognitive impairment, professional development, research, and health promotion and dementia prevention. An associated action plan, focused on primary care, includes proposals for creation of memory clinics, day centers and comprehensive rehabilitation services for cognitive stimulation. Short-term measures proposed include increasing early detection; creating a dementia morbidity and mortality registry; promoting professional training; providing support for families; and promoting basic and clinical research on dementia. Medium-term proposals aim to reduce dementia incidence and mortality by controlling risk factors and promoting healthy lifestyles, offering new treatment options and optimizing early detection. A set of indicators has been developed to evaluate strategy implementation. With this strategy, Cuba joins the small number of developing countries that have responded to WHO's call to improve care for patients with dementia and alleviate its impact on society and families. KEYWORDS Dementia, Alzheimer disease, aging, national health programs, social stigma, primary prevention, health promotion, civil rights, Cuba.